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Research ArticleRadiation Safety

Monitoring the Occupational Radiation Exposure of an Individual at Multiple Institutions

Sarah Frye, Alyssa Reynolds, Crystal Botkin, Razi Muzaffar and Medhat M. Osman
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology June 2022, 50 (2) 161-165; DOI: https://doi.org/10.2967/jnmt.120.243154
Sarah Frye
1Department of Clinical Health Sciences, Doisy College of Health Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri; and
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Alyssa Reynolds
1Department of Clinical Health Sciences, Doisy College of Health Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri; and
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Crystal Botkin
1Department of Clinical Health Sciences, Doisy College of Health Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri; and
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Razi Muzaffar
2Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
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Medhat M. Osman
2Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
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  • FIGURE 1.
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    FIGURE 1.

    Radiation monitoring badges measure over time and do not provide real-time radiation exposure read-out. (A) Clockwise from top left: Luxel+ (Landauer) dosimeter badge that measures radiation exposure due to x-rays, γ-rays, and β-rays with optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) technology (15); inside of OSL badge; holder clip for Luxel+ OSL badge; film badge to measure and record radiation exposure due to x-rays, γ-rays, β-rays, and neutron radiation, which incorporates series of filters to determine quality of radiation; and a thermoluminescent extremity badge with a better view in B (16). (B) Thermoluminescent dosimetry extremity badge that measures exposure due to x-rays, β-radiation, and γ-radiation (17).

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    FIGURE 2.

    Digital electronic pocket dosimeters provide individual with immediate reading of exposure to x-rays and γ-rays (16). (A) Front of dosimeter (with AA battery), where real-time exposure can be viewed. (B) Top of dosimeter.

Tables

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    TABLE 1.

    Radiation Safety Survey

    QuestionAnswer
    At what type of institution are you currently employed?(A) Academic, (B) Community, (C) Government, (D) Other
    Is institution you currently work at inside United States?Yes or no
    How long have you worked at this institution?(A) <1 y, (B) 1–5 y, (C) 5–10 y, (D) >10 y with reference category set as D
    Are you currently in charge of radiation safety program at your institution?Yes or no
    Do you request dosimetry reports for employees who work at multiple institutions?Yes or no
    Do you have any other comments or concerns regarding radiation exposure that you would like to share?(Open for free text)
    If you are open to discussing your institution-specific policies, please leave your contact information below.(Open for free text)
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    TABLE 2.

    Dose Limits for OSHA and NRC (2,8)

    Radiation dose limit periods
    ParameterOSHA, quarterlyNRC, annually
    Deep dose equivalent1.25 rem (0.0125 Sv)5 rem (0.05 Sv)
    Shallow dose equivalent18.75 rem (0.1875 Sv), extremities; 7.5 rem (0.075 Sv), skin50 rem (0.5 Sv)
    Lens dose equivalent1.25 rem (0.0125 Sv)15 rem (0.15 Sv)
    • View popup
    TABLE 3.

    Comparison of Annual Dose for OSHA and NRC (2,8)

    ParameterOSHANRC
    Deep dose equivalent5 rem (0.05 Sv)5 rem (0.05 Sv)
    Shallow dose equivalent75 rem (0.75 Sv), extremities; 30 rem (0.3 Sv), skin50 rem (0.5 Sv)
    Lens dose equivalent5 rem (0.05 Sv)15 rem (0.15 Sv)
    • View popup
    TABLE 4.

    Descriptive Statistics (Total n = 36)

    ParameternPercentage
    RSO experience length
     1 y38.3%
     1–5 y719.4%
     5–10 y1027.8%
     10 y1644.4%
    RSO institution type
     Academic1952.8%
     Government513.9%
     Community1130.6%
     Other12.8%
    • View popup
    TABLE 5.

    Results of χ2 Test and Descriptive Statistics for Dosimetry Request by Work Experience

    Dosimetry requestWork experience (y)
    <11–55–10≥10
    Yes6 (86%)6 (60%)0 (0%)14 (88%)
    No1 (14%)4 (40%)3 (100%)2 (12%)
    • χ2 = 11.041 (P < 0.05); df = 3. Numbers in parentheses indicate column percentages.

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    TABLE 6.

    Results of χ2 Test and Descriptive Statistics for Dosimetry Request by Institution Type

    Dosimetry requestInstitution type
    AcademicCommunityGovernmentOther
    Yes13 (68%)9 (82%)4 (80%)0 (0%)
    No6 (32%)2 (18%)1 (20%)2 (100%)
    • χ2 = 3.3925; df = 3. Numbers in parentheses indicate column percentages.

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Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology: 50 (2)
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
Vol. 50, Issue 2
June 1, 2022
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Monitoring the Occupational Radiation Exposure of an Individual at Multiple Institutions
Sarah Frye, Alyssa Reynolds, Crystal Botkin, Razi Muzaffar, Medhat M. Osman
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology Jun 2022, 50 (2) 161-165; DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.120.243154

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Monitoring the Occupational Radiation Exposure of an Individual at Multiple Institutions
Sarah Frye, Alyssa Reynolds, Crystal Botkin, Razi Muzaffar, Medhat M. Osman
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology Jun 2022, 50 (2) 161-165; DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.120.243154
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