Abstract
Our objective was to assess the anxiety level in cancer patients undergoing nuclear medicine exams and to identify how professionals can improve patient experience. Methods: In total, 94 patients undergoing 99mTc-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (99mTc-HDP) bone scintigraphy (BS) or 18F-FDG PET/CT completed 2 scan-experience questionnaires and the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) before the scan and after image acquisition. Results: Before the exam, the mean anxiety levels were higher for the 99mTc-HDP BS group than for the 18F-FDG PET/CT group. After the exam, the opposite was true. Both groups experienced a reduction in anxiety after the scan (prescan score, 51.75 for 99mTc-HDP BS and 44.67 for 18F-FDG PET/CT; postscan score, 36.70 for 99mTc-HDP BS and 38.82 for 18F-FDG PET/CT). The greatest anxiety factor for the 99mTc-HDP BS group was the duration of the exam (mean ± SD, 5.34 ± 2.08), whereas for the 18F-FDG PET/CT group it was the result (5.40 ± 1.80). Conclusion: Patients undergoing nuclear medicine exams in an oncologic context had significant anxiety levels before and after their scans. However, 99mTc-HDP BS and 18F-FDG PET/CT had different triggers. It is of extreme importance that health-care professionals be aware of these peculiarities and adjust their procedures accordingly.
Nuclear medicine (NM) has been playing an increasingly important role in the diagnosis, staging, prognosis, therapy, treatment planning, and restaging of various malignant neoplasms (1). Low-dose 18F-FDG PET/CT and bone scintigraphy (BS) are the most common NM exams used in cancer patients. 18F-FDG PET/CT is an imaging modality that enables the detection of primary tumors and metastases by visualization of the increased glucose consumption of malignant tissue. BS is a highly sensitive diagnostic NM imaging technique that uses a radiotracer to evaluate the distribution of active bone formation in the skeleton related to malignant and benign disease (2). Although these exams currently constitute a quasiroutine for these patients, they are not devoid of psychologic impact. It is known that they can trigger anxiety reactions, because in addition to the disease (at diagnosis, staging, or possible remission) there are concerns about radiation, the duration of the exam, being alone in the image acquisition room, the size of the equipment (particularly in claustrophobic patients), possible positioning discomfort, the injection, and comprehension of the procedures (3).
Anxiety is an emotion characterized by apprehension and somatic symptoms of tension, such as muscle tension and increased heart and respiratory rate (4). It is a complex reaction that results from various situations perceived by patients as a risk. The perception of risk alone is highly dependent on different constructions of danger and vulnerability (5). Anxiety is a state commonly experienced by patients in several fields of medical care but is more prevalent in oncologic contexts (6,7).
The contribution of medical imaging to the diagnosis can be compromised in cases of highly anxious patients since possible movement and muscular tension can reduce image quality by producing motion artifacts and influencing biodistribution, particularly in 18F-FDG PET/CT (8). Recent research has pointed out that providing adequate information and establishing a relationship of trust with health professionals, considering the mental noise often experienced by patients with high levels of anxiety, are key factors in overall patient experience and satisfaction (9).
Regarding PET/CT, Vogel et al. (10) found that 59% of patients experienced high levels of anxiety before the scan, along with abnormal 18F-FDG uptake in tissues. Similarly, Pifarré et al. (11) found that almost two thirds of the patients who underwent PET/CT were anxious and that there were higher levels of anxiety in patients who underwent the scan at the initial stage of the disease. Abreu et al. (12) and Grilo et al. (13) observed substantial anxiety before and after the 18F-FDG PET/CT scan in oncologic patients. However, in the study of Abreu et al. (12), patients felt more anxious before the scan, whereas in the study of Grilo et al. (13), the anxiety increased after the patients left the uptake room.
Considering BS, Leckie (14) found that patients who received standard information experienced a high degree of anxiety before the scan.
Although these studies have demonstrated that cancer patients experience anxiety during 18F-FDG PET/CT (11–13) and BS (14), it is not yet clear which factors or procedures might influence anxiety levels or what might be the potential predictors of exam-related anxiety.
Our aim was to assess anxiety levels in cancer patients before and after undergoing BS and 18F-FDG PET/CT and to identify the main determinants of anxiety state.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Participants
This cross-sectional prospective study was performed via the collection of questionnaires from cancer patients in a NM department in Lisbon between June and September 2018 who were to undergo 99mTc-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate BS (99mTc-HDP BS) or 18F-FDG PET/CT. The nonprobabilistic sample included individuals over the age of 18 y with an oncologic disease and a cognitive ability to answer questions and participate freely in the study.
Procedure
The study was authorized by the Ethics Council of the hospital and by the National Data Protection Commission. At the time the exam was scheduled, all patients received oral and written information about the preparation for and duration of the exam.
The 99mTc-HDP BS group was informed of the duration of the exam and that no preparation was required for it. The day before the scan, the NM department telephoned each patient to confirm the appointment and to answer any questions about the exam.
The 18F-FDG PET/CT group was informed of the duration of the exam and told to fast for 4–6 h before the scan and not to exercise the day before the scan. The day before the scan, the NM department telephoned all patients to confirm the appointment, to ensure they had received and understood the preparation procedure, and to ask if they had any concerns.
On the day of the exam, all eligible patients were informed of the purpose of the study and that the protection of their data was guaranteed. Data collection was initiated after the patients signed the informed consent form. While the patients completed the prescan and postscan questionnaires, one of the researchers was always present to answer any questions. After filling out the prescan questionnaire, the patients started to undergo the normal procedures of the NM department.
Before the 99mTc-HDP BS exam, the technologist told the patient about its purpose, the expected benefits, how it would be performed, and any limitations. Unless contraindicated, the patient should have been well hydrated and was told to drink at least a liter of water during the 2 h between injection and imaging and to empty the bladder frequently during that time and immediately before the scan. The patient was allowed leave the NM Department during that time, after being educated about the need to maintain social distance.
For the 18F-FDG PET/CT exam (15), the patient was kept resting in a warm room for 30–60 min before receiving the 18F-FDG injection and throughout the subsequent uptake period and exam (∼60 min, to minimize uptake in brown fat). After receiving the injection and during the uptake phase, the patient was asked remain lying down and silent (to minimize uptake in muscles and brain). The patient was asked to drink about 400 mL of water during the uptake phase and to void the bladder (to ensure a sufficiently low concentration of 18F-FDG in the urine [fewer artifacts] and for radiation safety reasons). The patient also was asked to empty the bladder immediately before the beginning of the scan.
Once the images had been collected and their quality evaluated, the patient was informed of the date on which the report would be delivered and then completed the postscan questionnaire.
Measurement Instruments
To assess the degree of anxiety, we used the Portuguese version (16) of the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) (17). STAI-S evaluates how the patient feels in a particular situation or at a specific moment (e.g., I feel calm; I am angry). Participants are asked to rate themselves on each item based on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from “not at all” to “very much so.” In the end, the scores obtained in each test range from 20 to 80; higher values indicate increased anxiety levels.
The patients completed 2 questionnaires adapted from a previously used instrument for a study on cancer patients undergoing 18F-FDG PET/CT (12,13) at 2 different phases: before any contact with the technologist before the scan (prescan) and immediately after image acquisition (postscan). The prescan questionnaire included demographic information (age, sex, and academic degree), exam information (e.g., identification of the procedure name and 1 of 3 possible reasons why it was prescribed: “initial staging of cancer,” “treatment results,” or “assess cancer recurrence”), the patient’s perspective on information provided the day before the scan (e.g., evaluation of its suitability and usefulness on a 7-point Likert scale in which higher values represented a more positive judgment), and a 9-item self-report questionnaire on patient concerns (e.g., “radiation involved,” “not knowing the purpose of the exam,” “immobilization or positioning during exam,” “exam result,” “duration of procedure,” “discomfort/pain during the procedure,” “lack of knowledge about the procedure,” “body exposure during procedure,” and ”injection of the radiopharmaceutical”). Patients answered each concern on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from “not concerned” (1) to “very concerned” (7). The questions about concerns were based on a Portuguese instrument used for cancer patients undergoing radiation treatment (18).
The postscan questionnaire collected the patients’ perspective on, and satisfaction with, the information provided by the professionals before the procedure (e.g., evaluation of how comprehensible and useful the information was and whether the professionals allayed the patient’s doubts about the scan). The postscan questionnaire also evaluated patient satisfaction with the care provided by the NM department. Patients answered each question on a 7-point Likert scale in which higher values represented a more positive judgment.
Statistical Analysis
The data were analyzed using the statistical software SPSS, version 22.0, for Microsoft Windows. The Shapiro–Wilk test was applied, and results were considered significant at a 5% level. To compare the subjective perception of anxiety before and after the scan, we used the t test for 2 paired samples. To study the relationship between 2 variables, we used the Pearson correlation coefficient (when the normality assumption was verified) or the Spearman correlation coefficient (when the normality assumption was not verified). To test whether the distribution of a qualitative variable was identical between the 2 groups, we used the χ2 test (when the assumptions of applicability were verified) or the χ2 test by Monte Carlo simulation (when the assumption was not verified). To compare the 2 independent groups, we used the t test (when the normality assumption was verified) or the Mann–Whitney test (when the normality of the sample was not verified). To identify predictors for high levels of anxiety, we used multiple regression analysis with the stepwise method; thus, the prescan STAI-S was considered to be a dependent variable, and the questions raising the highest concerns (e.g., the radiation, exam result, position and duration of the exam, radiopharmaceutical injection, and comprehensibility) were considered to be independent variables. The Gauss–Markov conditions and the lack of multicollinearity were verified for the model.
RESULTS
Demographics and Clinical Characteristics
Of the 121 completed questionnaires, 27 were excluded because they lacked a response to at least 60% of the questions. The sample therefore consisted of 94 patients, 42 of whom underwent 99mTc-HDP BS and 52 18F-FDG PET/CT. The mean age of the patients was 62.33 ± 11.9 y for the 99mTc-HDP BS group and 59.2 ± 14.4 y for the 18F-FDG PET/CT group. Of all patients, 90.4% knew why the NM scan had been prescribed. The primary reason for the scans was initial staging of cancer (78.6% of the 99mTc-HDP BS group and 59.6% of the 18F-FDG PET/CT group). Patients who had previously undergone the exam classified their experience as neither very easy nor very difficult (Table 1). Regarding the above characteristics, the 2 groups did not differ significantly (P > 0.05; Table 1).
Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics of Cancer Patients Included in Sample
Patient Anxiety and Scan-Related Concerns
When the mean STAI-S scores before and after scanning were compared between the 2 groups, statistically significantly higher scores were found for the 99mTc-HDP BS group than the 18F-FDG PET/CT group before scanning (t47.973 = 3.786, P < 0.001) (Table 2). After scanning, the scores were higher in the 18F-FDG PET/CT group but not to a statistically significant extent (t70 = −0.768, P = 0.445).
STAI-S Scores Before and After Scanning in Both Groups
Both groups showed a significant reduction in STAI-S scores between the prescan and postscan questionnaires (t11 = 2.450, P = 0.032, for the 99mTc-HDP BS group and t33 = 5.252, P < 0.001, for the 18F-FDG PET/CT group).
Regarding the degree of anxiety, significant moderate to strong positive correlations between the prescan and postscan STAI-S scores (r = 0.670, P < 0.001) were found for the 18F-FDG PET/CT group but not for the 99mTc-HDP BS group.
No statistically significant differences in prescan STAI-S scores were found between the sexes for either group or among the different age or educational levels for either group (P > 0.05).
No statistically significant differences in prescan STAI-S scores were found between patients undergoing the exam for the first time and patients who had undergone it before (U = 184, P = 0.370, for 99mTc-HDP BS group and U = 485, P = 0.990, for 18F-FDG PET/CT group).
When analyzing correlations between the patients’ evaluation of their previous experience and their prescan and postscan STAI-S scores, we found no correlation for the 99mTc-HDP BS group. However, for the 18F-FDG PET/CT group a significant moderate to strong positive correlation was found between their previous experience and their prescan STAI-S scores (rS = 0.634; P < 0.001) (Table 3).
Descriptive Measurements of Patients’ Concerns About NM Exam and Correlations with STAI-S Before Scanning
For the 99mTc-HDP BS group, the greatest concern was the duration of the exam (mean ± SD, 5.3 ± 2.1 on the Likert scale), whereas for the 18F-FDG PET/CT group the main concern was the result of the exam (5.4 ± 1.8) (Table 3).
For the 18F-FDG PET/CT group, several significant moderate positive correlations with the prescan STAI-S scores were found: the radiation (rS = 0.352; P = 0.010), the result (rS = 0.306; P = 0.026), the duration of the procedure (rS = 0.399; P = 0.004), the body exposure (rS = 0.328; P = 0.018), and the radiopharmaceutical injection (rS = 0.341; P = 0.013) (Table 3).
Patient Satisfaction with NM Department
With regard to the patients’ overall satisfaction with the NM department, 85.7% of the total sample were highly satisfied.
Most people in the 99mTc-HDP BS (n = 41, 97.6%) and 18F-FDG PET/CT (n = 44, 84.6%) groups felt that the information they received the day before and the day of (before) the exam was completely comprehensible (scores on day before exam, 6.00 ± 1.26 and 5.69 ± 1.26, respectively; scores on day of exam, 6.20 ± 1.08 and 6.14 ± 1.03, respectively) and useful (scores on day of exam, 5.65 ± 1.43 and 5.82 ± 1.50, respectively; scores on day of exam, 6.13 ± 1.36 and 6.10 ± 1.24, respectively) (Table 4).
Patients’ Appraisal of Information Provided Before Scanning, and Correlations with STAI-S Before Scanning
When asked if there was any topic they would like to see explained in more detail before the procedure, both groups would have liked more information on the radiation involved (13.5% for 99mTc-HDP BS and 7.1% for 18F-FDG PET/CT). The 99mTc-HDP BS group would also have liked more information on duration (7.1%), and the 18F-FDG PET/CT group would have liked more information on preparation (7.7%).
In the 99mTc-HDP BS group, significant moderate positive correlations were found between overall satisfaction and the suitability (rS = 0.457; P = 0.003) and utility (rS = 0.483; P = 0.002) of the information provided the day before the exam; the usefulness (rS = 0.696; P < 0.001) and suitability (rS = 0.655; P < 0.001) of the information provided on the day of (before) the exam; and the dignity and respect with which the patient was treated during the exam (rS = 0.520; P = 0.001) (Table 5). Regarding the information provided, there was a significant positive correlation between comprehensibility and STAI-S scores (rS = 0.709; P = 0.049).
Correlation of Patients’ Overall Satisfaction with Information Provided on Day of Scanning and Day Before Scanning
In the 18F-FDG PET/CT group, significant moderate positive correlations were found between overall satisfaction and the usefulness (rS = 0.349; P = 0.015) and suitability (rS = 0.369; P = 0.010) of the information provided on the day of (before) the exam and the dignity and respect with which the patient was treated during the exam (rS = 0.650; P < 0.001) (Table 5). Regarding the information provided, there was a significant negative correlation between comprehensibility and STAI-S scores (rS = −0.386; P = 0.015) (Table 4).
Predictors of Anxiety Before Scans
In the 99mTc-HDP BS group, only body exposure during the exam was identified as a regressor. For each additional level of concern relating to body exposure, the increase in anxiety averaged 1.288 (Table 6). This model explains 34.1% of the variation in anxiety levels.
Model of Multiple Regression Analysis to Identify Patients’ Anxiety Regressors Before Scanning
In the 18F-FDG PET/CT group, the radiation involved and the duration of the exam were identified as regressors. For each additional level of concern involving radiation and exam duration, the increase in anxiety averaged 1.824 and 1.242, respectively (Table 6). This model explains 29.7% of the variation in prescan anxiety levels.
DISCUSSION
We evaluated the overall experience and level of anxiety in cancer patients undergoing 2 imaging exams:99mTc-HDP BS and 18F-FDG PET/CT. When the 2 groups were considered separately, no differences in anxiety were found between the sexes or among the various age or educational levels, as agrees with previous studies on cancer patients undergoing imaging or radiation treatment (11–13,18).
Before the exam, we found significant differences in anxiety between the 99mTc-HDP BS and 18F-FDG PET/CT groups (mean state anxiety value, 51.75 and 44.76, respectively). Similar studies that assessed anxiety through STAI-S encountered lower values. In Leckie’s study (14), BS patients who received standard information had a mean anxiety value of 46.0. Grilo et al. (12) found a mean anxiety value of 31.1 in cancer patients who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT. Analogous studies that evaluated cancer patients’ anxiety before radiation treatment (18,19) and chemotherapy (20) presented more moderate values than those observed in our study.
With respect to exam-related concerns, exam duration was the main trigger of anxiety for patients in the 99mTc-HDP BS group. In the 18F-FDG PET/CT group, the results of the exam were the major source of concern. In both cases, the variables were independent of the patients’ familiarity with the procedures. Since the sample was composed exclusively of oncologic patients, it is noteworthy that anxiety levels during subsequent exams were not always inferior. The fact that both scans are often performed for staging, assessing response to therapy, and evaluating possible recurrence implies that there may be a disease setback at any time (21).
Only in the 18F-FDG PET/CT group were higher scores for previous exams (a more negative experience) associated with higher STAI-S scores before the exam (greater anxiety). These results are consistent with other studies, verifying that past experiences, whether satisfactory or not, deeply affect a patient’s conception of the procedure (9,22).
Unexpectedly, body exposure during the exam was the only anxiety predictor identified among cancer patients who underwent 99mTc-HDP BS (accounting for 34.1% of the variation in anxiety levels). On the day before the exam, patients were contacted to confirm their appointment and to clarify any doubts about the procedure that they might be experiencing at that moment. However, the details of the procedure were not explained thoroughly if the patient did not ask specific questions. Some patients may have anticipated that the exam would include a phase in which their body would be exposed (undressed). A study by Bahrami et al. (23) identified body image disturbance in most of the cancer patients, irrespective of the type and duration of illness. Additionally, other studies involving cancer patients treated surgically revealed dissatisfaction with appearance (24) and embarrassment about their body changes in relation to the disease (25). These data allowed us to hypothesize that in the BS group, patients had body image concerns; nonetheless, further discussion is needed. We need to understand exactly how body-exposure concerns affect patients emotionally and why this predictor of anxiety appeared exclusively in the 99mTc-HDP BS group.
In the 18F-FDG PET/CT group, the radiation and duration of the exam were identified as predictors (accounting for 29.7% of the variation in anxiety levels). The word radiation often evokes fear in patients, family members, and health professionals. Radiation is perceived as a risk. This perception has several sources, including public information on actual biologic risks from exposure to radiation (26). A recent study evaluating patient knowledge and communication preferences concluded that there is a substantial difference between patients’ expectations and current practices for providing information about medical imaging using ionizing radiation (22). One of the main objectives of risk communication in health care is to ensure that patients or caregivers are provided with needed, understandable information (27). In our 18F-FDG PET/CT group, patients who assessed the information as being less comprehensive experienced greater state anxiety. Both groups mentioned that it would be beneficial to further address issues such as the radiation burden involved. It is imperative to obtain a better understanding of the population’s knowledge about radiation and to demystify it, as it remains a source of great concern and ultimately would be a starting point for creating communication guidelines for cancer patients in NM. Similarly, with previous studies (12,13) the mean anxiety levels for both groups decreased after the scan had been performed. Interestingly, after the scan, the 18F-FDG PET/CT group was slightly more anxious than the 99mTc-HDP BS group. In addition, higher anxiety scores in the 18F-FDG PET/CT group before the scan were associated with higher postscan STAI-S scores. Considering that the result of the exam was the main concern for the 18F-FDG PET/CT group, it seems that the patients’ uncertainty about the results (28) and the awareness that the results may determine future treatments or the course of the disease (12,13) hindered a further reduction in anxiety for this group (12).
The questionnaires also allowed us to pinpoint the fact that many patients in both groups considered the information provided before the exam to be completely comprehensible and therefore were very satisfied with the department. Such results are supported by previous studies correlating the information provided with the overall satisfaction with the department (12,14,29). This satisfaction is associated not only with the fact that a more knowledgeable patient tends to be more cooperative, thus smoothing the process, but also with the opportunity granted to the technologist of establishing a relationship of trust (30). Levels of patient anxiety can be diminished when the involved professionals show signs of support and care and when they treat the patient with dignity (14).
Our study showed that although the lines of communication were good, it is always possible to improve and facilitate troublesome procedures such as the injection and positioning (30) and to provide the information that patients truly need (31). Although more studies are needed to better understand the variance that remains unexplained in models that predict exam-related anxiety, the present research offers significant contributions for NM departments. The data encourage health-care professionals to look for a more effective means of preparing patients and to adjust the timing and level of detail of the information provided for each exam. With respect to timing, the high levels of anxiety on arrival at the NM department (as shown on the prescan questionnaire) support the suggestion of some authors (32,33) that the NM department should find a better way to provide patients with information before the day of the exam. Patients need enough direct information to understand the procedures and decrease any unpredictability about the scan (14,34).
For patients who are to undergo 99mTc-HDP BS, it seems necessary to provide more detail on duration and body exposure before the day of the scan. To minimize concerns about duration, staff should emphasize that relatives can stay with the patient during the uptake period and that the patient can even leave the NM department during this time. Regarding body exposure, staff can provide a link to a video that shows patients what will happen during the image acquisition (i.e., shows that there will be no need to be undressed). Educational videos deliver information in a consistent manner (35) and have yielded positive outcomes for cancer patients (35–37).
To minimize the 2 identified predictors of exam-related anxiety in patients who are to undergo 18F-FDG PET/CT, it may be helpful to provide them with an information leaflet or a link to a slide presentation. These practices have a minimal cost, do not disrupt the department’s workflow, and are useful in improving understanding of the scan procedure (14,19,33). The information should cover details about the radiopharmaceutical, discuss misconceptions about radiation use, and specify what the patient will do while in the NM department. In addition, concerns about the exam results—found in the18F-FDG PET/CT group—must not be disregarded. Promoting patient-centered oncology care (24), especially during anamnesis (e.g., considering patients’ previous exam experiences), and offering a safe, calm, enlightened, and supportive environment (11,19) will allow the patient to feel well cared for and understood (24,38). Suggesting simple cognitive and relaxation strategies will also reduce anxiety levels (33).
We encountered several limitations during the study. First, our sample size was small, as it included patients in only a single NM department. A larger sample of oncologic patients followed up by different health services would be more impactful. Second, self-reporting questionnaires are the most common methodology for studying topics such as anxiety and patient experience but are not without issues. The patients’ understanding of the questions is one of the main apprehensions. When our patients were completing the questionnaires, they were asked to check with one of the researchers in the room if they were uncertain about any of the questions. However, this instruction did not prevent interpretations that differed from those of the authors. Furthermore, the questionnaires asked whether patients would like more information about the exam but did not ask what specific information they desired (e.g., on radiation or duration). Further research that includes these data is required. Third, because a large number of questionnaires were incomplete and had to be eliminated, we hypothesize that some patients found them too long or arduous (especially the postscan questionnaire, after the patient had spent hours in the NM department). This observation highlights the importance of developing shorter but psychometrically robust questionnaires that can provide relevant information without excessively burdening the patients.
CONCLUSION
Our study revealed major sources of patient anxiety, especially before undergoing scanning. The group that underwent 99mTc-HDP BS proved to be more anxious than the 18F-FDG PET/CT group. The main concern presented by the 99mTc-HDP BS group was the duration of the exam, whereas body exposure during the exam was the only predictor of exam-related anxiety. For the 18F-FDG PET/CT group, the main concern was the exam result, whereas the radiation involved in the exam and the duration of the exam were identified as significant predictors of exam-related anxiety. Awareness of these specific anxiety concerns and predictors for each of these 2 exams enables NM department professionals to develop patient information of greater depth and to better communicate this information.
DISCLOSURE
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Acknowledgments
We thank Stephanie Lewis for language-editing our paper. Our thanks also go to all the patients who participated in this study and the Nuclear Medicine Technologists Ana Mota and Lucinda Dias who cooperated on this study.
Footnotes
Published online Jun. 9, 2020.
REFERENCES
- Received for publication November 13, 2019.
- Accepted for publication April 16, 2020.
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