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Scan Radiopharmaceutical 25th percentile 50th percentile 75th percentile Maximum Minimum SD DRL (MBq) Effective dose (mSv) PET tumor 18F-FDG 222 228 230 231 185 18 230 4.4 PET brain 18F-FDG 223 228 231 231 222 3.9 231 4.4 PET 18F-NaF 185 220 230 231 185 22 230 6.2 PET 68Ga (DOTATATE/PSMA) 150 150 217 231 150 38 217 0.9 Gated blood pool 99mTc-RBC 740 740 850 1,100 740 115 850 5.6 MPI rest 99mTc-tetrofosmin, MIBI 914 958 976 1,039 884 49 976 7.4 MPI stress 99mTc-tetrofosmin, MIBI 914 958 976 1,039 884 49 976 7.4 Renal 99mTc-DMSA 185 200 200 250 180 20 200 1.5 Renal 99mTc-DTPA (GFR) 73 85 90 100 60 14 90 0.7 Renal 99mTc-MAG3 204 260 370 407 185 90 370 2.8 Bone 99mTc-methyl diphosphonate 897 927 944 1,110 459 171 944 7.2 Brain 99mTc-HMPAO 828 850 893 900 800 39 893 6.8 Gastrointestinal 67Ga-citrate 13 15 20 25 10 5 20 2.0 Esophageal reflux 99mTc-DTPA 36 40 40 40 30 3 40 0.3 Hepatobiliary 99mTc-HIDA 200 200 210 220 190 10 210 1.6 Lung perfusion 99mTc-MAA 200 204 218 220 190 11 218 1.7 Parathyroid 99mTc-MIBI, tetrofosmin 850 875 900 900 800 35 900 6.8 Salivary gland 99mTc-pertechnetate 186 190 200 200 180 8 200 1.5 Testicular 99mTc-pertechnetate 500 550 600 600 400 82 600 4.6 Thyroid 131I-iodide 200 200 200 250 180 25 200 10.4 Thyroid 99mTc-pertechnetate 185 185 185 250 185 21 185 1.4 Gastric emptying 99mTc-DTPA 13 15 37 37 10 5 37 0.3 Meckel diverticulum 99mTc-pertechnetate 250 264 278 278 220 24 278 2.1 Salivary gland 99mTc-pertechnetate 194 197 200 200 10 59 200 1.5 Renal cystogram 99mTc-pertechnetate 91 94 94 100 90 4 94 0.7 Testicular 99mTc-pertechnetate 500 520 520 555 500 17 520 4.0 Infection 67Ga-citrate 200 200 220 220 200 10 220 22.0 Infection 99mTc-WBC (colloid/HMPAO) 663 725 750 800 500 94 750 5.7 Lymphoscintigraphy 99mTc-nanocolloid 36 40 40 40 30 3 40 0.3 CSF leak 99mTc-DTPA 386 370 370 407 370 14.7 370 2.8 CSF shunt patency 99mTc-pertechnetate, DTPA 80 80 80 100 80 8 80 0.6 PSMA = prostate-specific membrane antigen; RBC = red blood cell; MPI = myocardial perfusion imaging; MIBI = methoxyisobutylisonitrile; DMSA = dimercaptosuccinic acid; DTPA = diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; MAG3 = mercaptoacetyltriglycine; HMPAO = hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime; HIDA = hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid; WBC = white blood cell; MAA = macroaggregated albumin; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid.
Dose distributions are presented in terms of 25th percentile, 50th percentile, 75th percentile, maximum, minimum, SD and effective dose associated with DRL of administered activity.
Scan Radiopharmaceutical Kuwait Korea Japan Australia U.K. Brazil United States (27) European Union (28) Tumor 18F-FDG 230 370 240 310 400 370 461–710 200–400 Brain 18F-FDG 231 370 240 250 250 350 — — Bone 99mTc-diphosphonate 944 925 950 920 600 1,110 848–1,185 500–1,110 Leukocyte 99mTc-HMPAO-WBC 892.5 888 — 800 200 — — 300–600 Thyroid 99mTc-pertechnetate 185 217 300 215 80 444 — 75–222 Thyroid carcinoma 131I-NaI 200 185 — 185 400 185 — 90–400 Parathyroid 99mTc-MIBI 900 740 800 900 900 740 — 400–900 Brain 99mTc-HMPAO 892.5 925 800 750 750 1,203 887–1,294 500–1,110 Cardiac 99mTc-MIBI or TF (MPI, rest) 976 555 900 620 800 444 519–1,153 560 Cardiac 99mTc-MIBI or TF (MPI, stress) 976 1,110 1,200 1,520 800 1,110 945–1,402 1,100 Cardiac 99mTc-RBC 740 740 — 1,030 800 — 916–1,301 600–1,000 Lung perfusion 99mTc-MAA 217.5 222 260 240 100 333 147–226 100–296 Lymphangioscintigraphy 99mTc-phytate 40 148 52 40 74 — 74–150 Hepatobiliary 99mTc-phytate 210 185 200 200 80 370 110–259 — Salivary 99mTc-pertechnetate 370 370 370 200 80 555 — — Gastric emptying 99mTc-DTPA 37 111 — 44 12 — 31–50 150–540 Renal dynamic 99mTc-DTPA 90 555 400 500 300 449 407–587 — Renal dynamic 99mTc-MAG3 370 500 400 305 100 — 283–379 100–370 Renal static 99mTc-DMSA 200 185 210 200 80 185 189–289 70–183 Radionuclide cystography 99mTc-pertechnetate 94 74 — 94 25 — — — Scan Radiopharmaceutical 1 y old (10 kg) 5 y old (19 kg) 10 y old (32 kg) 15 y old (≥55 kg) Tumor 18F-FDG 70 120 189 200 Brain 18F-FDG 70 70 102 180 Bone 99mTc-diphosphonate 80 162 255 408 Bone 18F-NaF 70 70 102 163 Lung perfusion 99mTc-MAA 15 26 41 65 Hepatobiliary 99mTc-phytate 28 49 77 122 Renal dynamic 99mTc-MAG3 23 33 45 61 Renal static 99mTc-DMSA 33 48 64 87 Radionuclide cystography 99mTc-pertechnetate 20 20 20 20 Meckel scan 99mTc-pertechnetate 20 26 41 65 Gastric emptying 99mTc-sulfur colloid 10 13 20 33 Data are in megabecquerels.
- TABLE 4.
Recommended Weight-Based Dosing Guidance on Administered Activities Based on Patient Weight
Scan Radiopharmaceutical MBq/kg PET (tumor) 18F-FDG 5.18 PET (brain) 18F-FDG 3.7 PET 18F-NaF 2.22 PET 68Ga (DOTATATE/PSMA) 1.85 Gated blood pool 99mTc-RBC 8.14 MPI rest 99mTc-tetrofosmin, MIBI 10.73 MPI stress 99mTc-tetrofosmin, MIBI 10.73 Renal 99mTc-DMSA 1.85 Renal 99mTc-DTPA (GFR) 2.59 Renal 99mTc-MAG3 3.7 Bone 99mTc-methyl diphosphonate 9.25 Brain 99mTc-HMPAO 2.775 Gastrointestinal 67Ga-citrate 1.85 Esophageal reflux 99mTc-DTPA 0.37 Hepatobiliary 99mTc-HIDA 1.85 Lung perfusion 99mTc-MAA 2.59 Parathyroid 99mTc-MIBI, tetrofosmin 5.55 Salivary gland 99mTc-pertechnetate 1.11 Testicular 99mTc-pertechnetate 7.4 Thyroid 131I-iodide 0.555 Thyroid 99mTc-pertechnetate 1.11 Gastric emptying 99mTc-DTPA 0.37 Meckel diverticulum 99mTc-pertechnetate 1.85 Renal cystogram 99mTc-pertechnetate 0.37 Infection 67Ga-citrate 1.11 Infection 99mTc-WBC (colloid/HMPAO) 27.75 Lymphoscintigraphy 99mTc-nanocolloid 0.259 CSF leak 99mTc-DTPA 2.59 CSF shunt patency 99mTc-pertechnetate + 99mTc, DTPA 0.259 PSMA = prostate-specific membrane antigen; RBC = red blood cell; MPI = myocardial perfusion imaging; MIBI = methoxyisobutylisonitrile; DMSA = dimercaptosuccinic acid; DTPA = diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; MAG3 = mercaptoacetyltriglycine; HMPAO = hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime; HIDA = hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid; WBC = white blood cell; MAA = macroaggregated albumin; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid.
- TABLE 5.
DRLs for CT Used for Attenuation Correction and Localization in SPECT Scans in Terms of Volume CT Dose Index and Dose–Length Product and Effective Dose Associated with Hybrid CT of SPECT/CT
SPECT/CT protocol Volume CT dose index (mGy) Dose–length product (mGy⋅cm) Effective dose (mSv) Brain 5.6 163 2.44 Head and neck 4.5 181 2.74 Lung 2.1 69 1.03 Cardiac 1.2 32 0.48 Abdomen 1.7 65 0.98 Bone, general 2.7 166 2.49 Bone, extremities 2 169 2.53 - TABLE 6.
DRLs for CT Used for Attenuation Correction and Localization in PET Scans in Terms of Volume CT Dose Index and Dose–Length Product and Effective Dose Associated with Hybrid CT of PET/CT
PET/CT protocol Volume CT dose index (mGy) Dose–length product (mGy⋅cm) Effective dose (mSv) Brain 5.7 211 3.16 Oncology, vertex to mid thigh 4.2 677 5.66 Oncology, whole body (head to toe) 4.4 616 6.10
