Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
      • JNMT Supplement
    • Ahead of print
    • Past Issues
    • Continuing Education
    • JNMT Podcast
    • SNMMI Annual Meeting Abstracts
  • Subscriptions
    • Subscribers
    • Rates
    • Journal Claims
    • Institutional and Non-member
  • Authors
    • Submit to JNMT
    • Information for Authors
    • Assignment of Copyright
    • AQARA Requirements
  • Info
    • Reviewers
    • Permissions
    • Advertisers
    • Corporate & Special Sales
  • About
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
    • Contact Information
  • More
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Help
    • SNMMI Journals
  • SNMMI
    • JNMT
    • JNM
    • SNMMI Journals
    • SNMMI

User menu

  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • Log out
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
  • SNMMI
    • JNMT
    • JNM
    • SNMMI Journals
    • SNMMI
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • Log out
  • My Cart
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Ahead of print
    • Past Issues
    • Continuing Education
    • JNMT Podcast
    • SNMMI Annual Meeting Abstracts
  • Subscriptions
    • Subscribers
    • Rates
    • Journal Claims
    • Institutional and Non-member
  • Authors
    • Submit to JNMT
    • Information for Authors
    • Assignment of Copyright
    • AQARA Requirements
  • Info
    • Reviewers
    • Permissions
    • Advertisers
    • Corporate & Special Sales
  • About
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
    • Contact Information
  • More
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Help
    • SNMMI Journals
  • Watch or Listen to JNMT Podcast
  • Visit SNMMI on Facebook
  • Join SNMMI on LinkedIn
  • Follow SNMMI on Twitter
  • Subscribe to JNMT RSS feeds
Research ArticleStudent Investigation

Topical Sensor for the Assessment of PET Dose Administration: Metric Performance with an Autoinjector

Stephanie Sanchez and Geoffrey M. Currie
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology December 2020, 48 (4) 363-371; DOI: https://doi.org/10.2967/jnmt.120.245043
Stephanie Sanchez
1Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, Australia; and
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Geoffrey M. Currie
2Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Article Figures & Data

Figures

  • Tables
  • FIGURE 1.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIGURE 1.

    Annotated normal time–activity curve (with injection curves in black and reference curves in gray). High-count data are truncated by software to ensure that relationship between injection and reference curves is graphically discernible. Key features of normal time–activity curve include prompt peak after injection (c1), rapid clearance (tHalf), rapid reversion to reference levels (ndAvgN), and low reference level (CEndINJ compared with CEndREF). tc50, or point where injection curve is less than twice the value of the reference curve, is also less than 600 s (10 min), and difference between injection and reference curves at 4 min (ndAvg1) is low, with rapid clearance. Color version of this figure, showing gray curves as red, is available as supplemental file at http://tech.snmjournals.org.

  • FIGURE 2.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIGURE 2.

    Annotated abnormal time–activity curve (with injection curves in black and reference curves in gray) indicating dose extravasation. Panel A highlights AUC for injection sensor (gray region) for aUCR10 on patient with venous retention, whereas panel B highlights AUC (gray region) for reference sensor. aUCR10 is calculated as ratio of AUC from A to AUC from B. Panel C highlights AUC for injection sensor (gray region) for aUCR1 in patient with extravasation of dose, whereas panel D highlights AUC (gray region) for reference sensor. aUCR1 is calculated as ratio of AUC from C to AUC from D. Color version of this figure, showing gray curves as red, is available as supplemental file at http://tech.snmjournals.org. AUC = area under the curve.

  • FIGURE 3.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIGURE 3.

    Annotated time–activity curves (with injection curve in black and reference curve in gray) for normal dose administration (A), normal administration with autoinjector multiple peaks and wider bolus (B), venous retention with resolution (C), and extravasation without resolution (D). Each time–activity curve is annotated with Lucerno Dynamics metrics automatically generated for monitored injections. Color version of this figure, showing gray curves as red, is available as supplemental file at http://tech.snmjournals.org.

  • FIGURE 4.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIGURE 4.

    Sample 68Ga-PSMA time–activity curves (with injection curve in black and reference curve in gray) terminated early, with generation of count anomalies erroneously used for CEndINJ and CEndREF calculations. Visual inspection of each time–activity curve should allow identification and mitigation of risk, including identifying correct CEnd point. Color version of this figure, showing gray curves as red, is available as supplemental file at http://tech.snmjournals.org.

Tables

  • Figures
    • View popup
    TABLE 1

    Summary of Demographics for Pooled Data and for Each Radiopharmaceutical

    ParameterAll18F-FDG68Ga-PSMA68Ga-DOTATATEP
    Proportion of studies1.00.660.310.03
    Extravasation rate (%)1.31.51.100.887
    Abnormal time–activity curve (%)9.111.35.400.160
    Mean dose (MBq)187.1 (95% CI, 181.8–192.4)204.1 (95% CI, 197.4–210.8)152.9 (95% CI, 150.4–155.5)171.2 (95% CI, 136.5–205.9)<0.001
    Male (%)71.059.310050.00.008
    Antecubital injection (%)86.184.091.380.00.333
    Left side injection (%)70.368.072.890.00.271
    Experienced injector*(%)66.964.473.950.00.405
    Mean injection score—−209.5 (95% CI, −253.3 to −165.7)———
    Mean tHalf25.3 (95% CI, 20.3–30.3)22.9 (95% CI, 19.0–28.6)31.5 (95% CI, 17.6–45.4)13.4 (95% CI, 10.8–16.1)0.206
    Mean aUCR101.4 (95% CI, 1.3–1.6)1.6 (95% CI, 1.4–1.7)1.2 (95% CI, 0.9–1.4)1.0 (95% CI, 0.7–1.2)0.007 (PSMA vs. 18F-FDG only)
    Mean tc50172.3 (95% CI, 124.3–220.3)195.2 (95% CI, 128.5–261.9)135.6 (95% CI, 71.1–200.0)66.2 (95% CI, 37.1–95.4)0.384
    Mean aUCR14.9 (95% CI, 4.1–5.6)6.1 (95% CI, 5.1–7.1)2.6 (95% CI, 1.6–3.6)2.0 (95% CI, 1.3–2.6)<0.001
    Mean c1419.1 (95% CI, 382.6–455.7)538.7 (95% CI, 496.7–580.7)193.0 (95% CI, 143.9–242.1)179.8 (95% CI, 128.9–230.8)<0.001
    Mean cEndINJ118.1 (95% CI, 113.4–122.9)129.1 (95% CI, 123.6–134.7)98.0 (95% CI, 90.0–106.0)90.1 (95% CI, 65.8–114.4)<0.001 (18F-FDG vs. both 68Ga)
    Mean CEndREF123.8 (95% CI, 119.8–127.9)134.3 (95% CI, 129.8–138.8)101.9 (95% CI, 95.3–108.4)122.8 (95% CI, 103.0–142.6)<0.001 (PSMA vs. 18F-FDG and DOTATATE)
    Mean CEnd ratio1.02 (95% CI, 0.96–1.08)1.00 (95% CI, 0.93–1.08)1.08 (95% CI, 0.96–1.18)0.79 (95% CI, 0.46–1.12)0.214
    Mean ndAvg119.0 (95% CI, 15.1–22.9)25.1 (95% CI, 20.5–29.8)8.3 (95% CI, 1.6–15.1)−1.1 (95% CI, −21.6 to 19.3)<0.001 (18F-FDG vs. both 68Ga)
    Mean ndAvgN−0.22 (95% CI, −1.4 to 1.0)0.49 (95% CI, −1.02 to 2.00)−1.1 (95% CI, −3.3 to 1.1)−6.0 (95% CI, −12.7 to 0.6)0.110
    • ↵* Greater than 10 y clinical experience.

    • CI = confidence interval.

    • View popup
    TABLE 2

    Summary of Metrics Against Outcome of Injection

    ParameterNormalAbnormalExtravasatedP
    DescriptionConsistent with Figs. 3A or 3BConsistent with Fig. 3C (vascular retention)Consistent with Fig. 3D (infiltrated)
    Mean dose (MBq)185.1208.6199.70.060
    Male (%)70.686.460.00.245
    Antecubital injection (%)78.090.980.00.561
    Left side injection (%)72.154.640.00.090
    Experienced injector (%)68.454.540.00.414
    Score (18F-FDG only)<0.001
     Mean−267 (−306 to −229)182 (64–299)589 (294–885)
     Range−1,056 to 447 (−343 to −182)−256 to 1,346 (−170 to 293)−664 to 2,317 (same)
    thalf0.023
     Mean23.1 (17.9–28.3)48.4 (30.2–66.6)41.3 (3.1–79.4)
     Range2.2–300 (10.1–21.2)6.5–191.0 (22.2–65.8)2.5–141.6 (5.9–90.4)
    aUCR10<0.001
     Mean1.2 (1.1–1.3)2.7 (2.4–3.1)6.7 (6.0–7.3)
     Range0.4–3.8 (0.9–1.5)1.2–5.6 (1.9–3.3)2.4–11.7 (same)
    Tc50<0.001
     Mean89 (72–105)416 (358–475)2,342 (2,219–2,465)
     Range9–956 (41–114)39–1,010 (170–634)1,500–2,617 (1,734–2,327)*
    aUCR1<0.001
     Mean4.0 (3.3–4.7)12.0 (9.5–14.4)19.0 (13.8–24.1)
     Range0.6–31.5 (1.7–5.0)2.5–70.1 (4.5–12.7)2.9–42.3 (4.1–37.3)
    c1<0.001
     Mean378 (342.9–412.7)833 (711–955)897 (642–1,153)
     Range52–1,315 (163–532)211–1,577 (497–1,143)198–2,110 (355–1,594)
    cEndINJ<0.001
     Mean114.7 (110.1–119.3)130.5 (114.6–146.4)251.0 (217.7–284.4)
     Range51.8–270.2 (95.1–135.7)52.5–178.0 (114.2–160.4)149.9–533.4 (150–385)
    CEndREF0.023
     Mean125.3 (121.2–129.4)121.2 (107.0–135.5)83.2 (53.2–113.2)
     Range18.4–220.4 (103.8–149.1)36.2–163.5 (110.9–140.7)69.4–123.7 (70.6–100.0)
    CEnd ratio<0.001
     Mean0.93 (0.89–0.97)1.09 (0.95–1.24)3.14 (2.82–3.45)
     Range0.34–1.82 (0.78–1.07)0.7–1.5 (0.9–1.3)1.9–7.0 (2.0–4.8)*
    ndAvg1<0.001
     Mean13.5 (10.1–17.0)66.8 (54.8–78.9)107.3 (81.9–132.5)
     Range−24.9 to 108 (−0.2 to 21.9)8.6–203.9 (22.9–105.5)24.6–322.8 (38.1–202.9)
    ndAvgN<0.001
     Mean−1.9 (−2.9 to −0.9)9.0 (5.6–12.5)47.1 (39.8–54.3)
     Range−24.8 to 11.1 (−5.7 to 2.1)−0.5 to 54.9 (2.6–12.7)26.0–96.9 (27.8–74.8)*
    • ↵* Distinct cutoffs between extravasated injections and other injections.

    • Data in parentheses are 95% confidence interval (for mean) and interquartile range (for range).

PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology: 48 (4)
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
Vol. 48, Issue 4
December 1, 2020
  • Table of Contents
  • About the Cover
  • Index by author
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Topical Sensor for the Assessment of PET Dose Administration: Metric Performance with an Autoinjector
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology web site.
Citation Tools
Topical Sensor for the Assessment of PET Dose Administration: Metric Performance with an Autoinjector
Stephanie Sanchez, Geoffrey M. Currie
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology Dec 2020, 48 (4) 363-371; DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.120.245043

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Topical Sensor for the Assessment of PET Dose Administration: Metric Performance with an Autoinjector
Stephanie Sanchez, Geoffrey M. Currie
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology Dec 2020, 48 (4) 363-371; DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.120.245043
Twitter logo Facebook logo LinkedIn logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • MATERIALS AND METHODS
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • CONCLUSION
    • DISCLOSURE
    • Acknowledgments
    • Footnotes
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • PET/MRI, Part 3: Protocols and Procedures
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Radiation Dose Savings Associated with Personalized CT Scan Range in 18F-NaF Bone PET/CT
  • Nuclear Disaster Preparedness Level of Medical Responders in Pakistan
Show more Student Investigation

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • PET
  • 18F-FDG
  • 68Ga-PSMA
  • extravasation
  • LARA
SNMMI

© 2025 SNMMI

Powered by HighWire