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Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology

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OtherCONTINUING EDUCATION

Introduction to PET Instrumentation

Timothy G. Turkington
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology March 2001, 29 (1) 4-11;
Timothy G. Turkington
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  • FIGURE 1.
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    FIGURE 1.

    Diagram of electron–positron annihilation, producing 2 511 keV photons leaving in opposite directions.

  • FIGURE 2.
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    FIGURE 2.

    Coincidence event detected in ring PET scanner.

  • FIGURE 3.
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    FIGURE 3.

    At left are detector pairs forming 2 projections, indicated by solid and dashed lines. In the middle is a cross-sectional radioactivity distribution from a patient. At right is the corresponding sinogram. The most notable features in the sinogram are the hot lesion, which is slightly off-center, and the arms, which are at a large radius when viewed at the first and last angles, but cross near the middle when viewed from the middle (horizontal) angles.

  • FIGURE 4.
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    FIGURE 4.

    Scattered events. At left is in-plane scatter and at right is out-of-plane scatter, rejected by septa.

  • FIGURE 5.
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    FIGURE 5.

    Attenuation. One of the photons is stopped or deflected before being detected.

  • FIGURE 6.
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    FIGURE 6.

    Attenuation effects. At top are images without attenuation correction; at bottom are the same slices with attenuation correction. Noticeable artifacts in the noncorrected images include a bright exterior rim, bright lungs, nonuniform liver, and streaks from the heart.

  • FIGURE 7.
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    FIGURE 7.

    Rotating source for transmission scan.

  • FIGURE 8.
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    FIGURE 8.

    Image quality as a function of counts. The same phantom is imaged for various times, increasing approximately at a factor of 2. At top are images reconstructed with filtered back-projection. At bottom are images reconstructed with the ordered subsets algorithm (2).

  • FIGURE 9.
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    FIGURE 9.

    Depth-of-interaction problem. Radiation entering the ring from a large radius could be detected in 1 of several detectors, resulting in degraded spatial resolution.

  • FIGURE 10.
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    FIGURE 10.

    Multiring PET acquisition modes. At left are examples of simple 2D direct and cross planes. In the middle are extended 2D direct and cross planes for increased efficiency. At right is full 3D acceptance. The acceptance is greater for radiation in the middle of the axial FOV than for radiation near the end.

  • FIGURE 11.
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    FIGURE 11.

    A whole-body F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose study from a dedicated PET scanner operating. Total scan time was 42 min.

  • FIGURE 12.
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    FIGURE 12.

    An F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose brain tumor study from a dedicated PET scanner operating in 3D mode. Total scan time was 6 min.

  • FIGURE 13.
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    FIGURE 13.

    Dual-head, rotating gamma camera operating in coincidence mode.

  • FIGURE 14.
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    FIGURE 14.

    The use of septa for hybrid PET imaging. Solid lines represent detected events. Dashed lines represent different types of undetected events.

  • FIGURE 15.
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    FIGURE 15.

    Two types of lower-cost dedicated PET scanners.

Tables

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    TABLE 1

    Some Commonly Used PET Radionuclides

    NuclideHalflife
    11C20.3 min
    13N9.97 min
    15O124 sec
    18F110 min
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    TABLE 2

    Characteristics of Two High-end Dedicated PET Scanners

    ModelGE Advance (4)CTIECAT EXACT HR + (5)
    Block size6 × 68 × 8
    Crystal size4.0 × 8.1 × 30 mm34.4 × 4.1 × 30 mm3
    No. of rings1832
    Detectors/ring672576
    Axial FOV15.2 cm15.5 cm
    ring diameter92.7 cm82.7 cm
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Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology: 29 (1)
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
Vol. 29, Issue 1
March 1, 2001
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Introduction to PET Instrumentation
Timothy G. Turkington
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology Mar 2001, 29 (1) 4-11;

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Introduction to PET Instrumentation
Timothy G. Turkington
Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology Mar 2001, 29 (1) 4-11;
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • POSITRON PHYSICS
    • COINCIDENCE DETECTION
    • DEGRADING FACTORS
    • HIGH-PERFORMANCE PET SYSTEMS
    • HYBRID SYSTEMS
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