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State-of-the-art MRI techniques in neuroradiology: principles, pitfalls, and clinical applications

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An Erratum to this article was published on 04 June 2015

Abstract

This article reviews the most relevant state-of-the-art magnetic resonance (MR) techniques, which are clinically available to investigate brain diseases. MR acquisition techniques addressed include notably diffusion imaging (diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI)) as well as perfusion imaging (dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC), arterial spin labeling (ASL), and dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)). The underlying models used to process these images are described, as well as the theoretic underpinnings of quantitative diffusion and perfusion MR imaging-based methods. The technical requirements and how they may help to understand, classify, or follow-up neurological pathologies are briefly summarized. Techniques, principles, advantages but also intrinsic limitations, typical artifacts, and alternative solutions developed to overcome them are discussed. In this article, we also review routinely available three-dimensional (3D) techniques in neuro MRI, including state-of-the-art and emerging angiography sequences, and briefly introduce more recently proposed 3D quantitative neuro-anatomy sequences, and new technology, such as multi-slice and multi-transmit imaging.

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Abbreviations

ADC:

Apparent diffusion coefficient

AKC:

Apparent excess kurtosis coefficient

ASL:

Arterial spin labeling

DCE:

Dynamic contrast enhanced

DKI:

Diffusion kurtosis imaging

DSC:

Dynamic susceptibility contrast

DTI:

Diffusion tensor imaging

DWI:

Diffusion-weighted imaging

CAIPIRINHA:

Controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration

FA:

Fractional anisotropy

MD:

Mean diffusivity

MS-EPI:

Multi-shot EPI

MRE:

Magnetic resonance elastography

3D-MPRAGE:

Magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo

ODF:

Orientation distribution functions

PAT:

Parallel acquisition technique

PDF:

Probability distribution function of diffusion

pCASL:

Pseudo-continuous ASL

PASL:

Pulsed ASL

RS-EPI:

Readout-segmented EPI

SS-EPI:

Single-shot EPI

SPACE:

Sampling perfection with application optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolutions

ZOOM-EPI:

Zonal oblique multi-slice EPI

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Acknowledgments

The authors warmly thank Ioannis Koktzoglou, PhD (NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA), for the left and central images in Fig. 19, as well as for letting us use his sequence. The authors also acknowledge Pr Matthias Gunther for providing the 3D GRASE ASL prototype sequence used to aqcuire the image presented in Fig. 11.

Ethical standards and patient consent

We declare that all human studies have been approved by the local Ethics Committee and have therefore been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Patient consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of this study.

Conflict of interest

We declare that we have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CREATIS, UMR CNRS 5220 – INSERM U1044, INSA de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France

    Magalie Viallon

  2. Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Université de Lyon-Saint-Etienne, Saint Etienne, France

    Magalie Viallon

  3. Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

    Victor Cuvinciuc, Isabelle Barnaure-Nachbar, Karl-Olof Lovblad & Sven Haller

  4. Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

    Benedicte Delattre, Seema Toso-Patel & Minerva Becker

  5. Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

    Laura Merlini

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  1. Magalie Viallon
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Correspondence to Magalie Viallon.

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Viallon, M., Cuvinciuc, V., Delattre, B. et al. State-of-the-art MRI techniques in neuroradiology: principles, pitfalls, and clinical applications. Neuroradiology 57, 441–467 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-015-1500-1

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