Baseline Characteristics
| Characteristic | Total (n = 223) | HiHR (n = 121) | AFib (n = 102) | P |
| Age (y) | 61.7 ± 11.9 | 62.7 ± 12.5 | 60.5 ± 11.0 | 0.16 |
| Men | 146 (65) | 74 (61) | 72 (71) | 0.14 |
| Chest pain | 42 (19) | 29 (24) | 13 (13) | 0.03 |
| Hypertension | 157 (70) | 72 (60) | 85 (83) | 0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 140 (63) | 81 (67) | 59 (58) | 0.16 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 67 (30) | 24 (20) | 43 (42) | 0.0003 |
| History of myocardial infarction | 31 (14) | 10 (8) | 21 (21) | 0.008 |
| Current smoking | 19 (9) | 7 (6) | 12 (12) | 0.11 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.6 ± 6.7 | 28.7 ± 5.9 | 32.8 ± 6.9 | <0.0001 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 0.03 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 71.4 ± 9.8 | 71.4 ± 9.8 | 66.5 ± 10.1 | 0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 131.3 + 19.2 | 136.1 ± 18.6 | 125.5 ± 18.4 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 78.8 ± 10.9 | 78.2 ± 11.1 | 79.5 ± 10.8 | 0.3893 |
| Coronary artery calcium score | 631.65 ± 1,294.9 | 724.6 ± 1,416.8 | 524.1 ± 1,135.4 | 0.227 |
| LAV (mL) | 123.4 ± 52.4 | 102.1 ± 36.5 | 148.6 ± 57.2 | <0.0001 |
| LAVI (mL/m2) | 61.1 ± 25.7 | 51.5 ± 19.0 | 72.4 ± 28.1 | <0.0001 |
All comparisons between HiHR and AFib groups were performed using Student t test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, or χ2 test. Qualitative data are number followed by percentage in parentheses; continuous data are mean ± SD.