Cardiac Measurement Terms, Equations, and Reference Values
| Term | Formula | Range |
| VO2/maximal VO2 | Cardiac output × A-V O2 differential | 35–40 mL/kg/min (men); 27–30 mL/kg/min (women) |
| Cardiac output | Heart rate × stroke volume | 4.0–8.0 mL/min |
| Stroke volume | End-diastolic volume − end-systolic volume | 60–100 mL |
| A-V O2 differential | Oxygen content of pulmonary blood − oxygen content in mixed venous blood | 4.5 mL/100 mL/min |
| MVO2/rate–pressure product | Coronary blood flow × A-V O2 differential/heart rate × systolic blood pressure | 30–35 mL/min |
| MPHR | 220 − age | Not applicable |