Osteoporosis Risk Factors
| Category | Risk factor |
|---|---|
| Nonmodifiable | ≥50 y old |
| Female | |
| Asian or white ethnicity | |
| Family history | |
| Thin physique or low weight (<57.6 kg [127 lb]) | |
| Androgen or estrogen deficiency | |
| Hypogonadism | |
| Amenorrhea | |
| Late menarche | |
| Early menopause | |
| Postmenopausal | |
| Immobility | |
| Certain medications (e.g., anticonvulsants, steroids, thyroid drugs, heparin, chemotherapy, insulin) | |
| Dowager hump (focal kyphosis of upper thoracic spine) | |
| Modifiable | Physical inactivity |
| Smoking | |
| Excessive alcohol consumption | |
| Low calcium or vitamin D |